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nasa and the european space agency easa

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have embarked on a joint program to

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explore mars in the coming decades and

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selected the five science instruments

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for the first mission the exomars trace

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gas orbiter scheduled to launch in

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twenty sixteen is the first of three

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joint robotic missions to the red planet

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it will study the chemical makeup of the

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Martian atmosphere with the one thousand

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fold increase in sensitivity over

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previous Mars orbiters the mission will

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focus on trace gases including methane

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which could potentially be geochemical

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or biological in origin and be

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indicators for the existence of life on

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Mars the mission also will serve as an

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additional communications relay for Mars

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you

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we've been in the space business or 50

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years the simple stuff has been done you

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know missions don't cost 50 million

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dollars anymore because you can't do

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much for 50 million dollars missions

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tend to cost half a billion a billion or

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even billions of dollars to do the kind

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of world class science that NASA is

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known to do and that the American people

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expect us to do you know we've flown by

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planets long time ago Voyager did that

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we're in the process of orbiting planets

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and landing on planets and roving on

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planets that cost a little bit more than

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a few dollars the trouble is we also

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have an economic situation in the world

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that's not exactly conducive to a lot of

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extra money for science recognizing

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missions costs a lot more to do the best

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science and to the economic situation is

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it the best it could be it's time for us

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to stop competing with our major

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partners like the Europeans and start

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working together Mars has the raw

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materials to keep astronauts going for a

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long time it's got its got ice why is

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ice important well I stern's under water

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for drinking Isis me out of h2o hydrogen

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and oxygen hydrogen makes a great rocket

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fuel and oxygens the kind of stuff you

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like to breathe so the raw materials to

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support a human expedition to Mars are

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there but before we go there we need a

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map and we also need to make sure what

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Mars is me out of are there any toxins

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air is there any biology there we have

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to worry about the only way to do that

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really well is to go there and do a

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robotic sample return mission Mars is

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probably the most likely place in the

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solar system other than the earth for

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life to evolve at some point in time it

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was wet it had standing water it has

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organic material it has energy it's got

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all the ingredients for life and there

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may have been life there some time now

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it might have only been you know

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bacteria type of life but it's important

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to find out because it's the very first

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place we look for life in depth we find

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it or find fossil evidence of it that

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has profound implications for a universe

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that has as we know now hundreds if not

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thousands if not billions of planets out

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there

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and it says something about the

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possibilities of life in the universe

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the driving reason behind an ISA NASA

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collaboration is to build our

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capabilities to return samples from Mars

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in the 2020s that's a complicated series

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of missions it's not a single mission we

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call it a campaign because it could

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cover two or maybe three launch

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opportunities to be able to set the

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infrastructure on the surface of the

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planet get the samples back off of the

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planet and return those to Earth safely

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that's the driving goal for this broad

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collaboration is the ability to do that

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in an international context frankly the

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science of that could be very paradigm

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changing science and the my personal

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opinion is this needs to be an

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international collaboration because we

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may change paradigms around the world

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with what we find out from that mission

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the prices and costs of things continue

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to increase just inflation a roads are

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buying power and that's true around the

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world for whether you're buying a

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refrigerator whether you're buying a new

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car whether you're buying you know a

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jetliner for an airplane company or

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whether you're buying spacecraft and

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launch vehicles so as time goes on our

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budgets tend not to keep up with the

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inflation rates so the missions we can

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fly either become smaller or they become

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less frequent that was the case for both

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ISA and for NASA with Mars that as time

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went on and these missions when you go

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to the surface of another planet become

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especially challenging cost wise as well

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as technically so by merging we are

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keeping a very vibrant program in place

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that will allow us to go to Mars on

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every opportunity which essentially is a

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planetary alignment between Mars and

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Earth is optimum every 26 months makes

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the trip much shorter makes it easier to

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get to and so we like to go on those

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opportunities this kind of a

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collaboration allows us to do that on

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essentially every opportunity as long as

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we want to do that I'm not certain that

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anybody as a single space agency

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actually could do the Mars sample return

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campaign by itself it's complicated it's

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expensive and I think you really need

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this to be an international

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collaboration to make it a viable

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mission so to be able to do more sample

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return in a high

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collaborative fashion it's very

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important to get used to working with

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each other so that's what the 2016 and

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the 2018 missions are really about is a

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large-scale collaboration where we're

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essentially in each other's knickers as

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far as we're dependent on them and

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they're dependent on us which creates a

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very different dynamic than we typically

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deal with if we're only getting a single

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instrument here or providing them a

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single instrument there in fact if

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things go the way we want them to go and

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the way the US science community I

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believe wants to go the 2018 mission

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actually may cash the samples in other

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words collect them and put them in

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canisters for the sample return mission

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that would go retrieve those in the

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2020s so the 18 mission could be a very

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very large scale very exciting mission

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and set the science pace for Mars for a

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decade or more also leads directly into

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human exploration of the planet I don't

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think we can send humans to Mars without

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actually understanding the details of

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dust characteristics toxicity of the

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soils is there something alive in that

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soil it's a threat to our astronauts

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Mars sample return is almost mandatory

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before you send humans to the planet